allowance n. 1.零用钱,给与额,津贴,补助,零用钱。 2.【机械工程】(加工)留量;配合公差。 3.斟酌,酌量;预留;容差;【商业】折扣。 4.默许,默认;承认。 5.【体育】给对方的让步。 an allowance of rice 给予一份大米。 a clothing [traveling] allowance 服装[旅]费。 short allowance 给予量不足。 a time allowance (给对方的)时间的宽限。 By your allowance I'd like to leave before you. 对不起,我要先走了。 at no allowance 无限制,尽性 (plunder at no allowance 大肆掠夺)。 make allowance for 1. 留有余地;斟酌,酌量,估量。 2. 原谅,体谅。 3. 扣除 (make an allowance of 10% for cash payment 现款九折)。 vt. 1.给…发津贴。 2.按定量供给。
In contrast , few literatures focuses the type of vertical restraints imposed on manufacturers by retailers . however , in the past decade , due to the technology innovation , retailers in many industries have become bigger in size to utilize economies of scale and scope , with the industrial concentration enhanced , retailers , especially the chained store retailers , seem to acquire the buyer power when bargaining with manufacturers and the retailers with bargaining power tend to impose vertical restraints on upstream manufacturers . examples of these restraints include slotting fee , listing fee , upfront payment among which the slotting allowance has become the fuse to induce the conflicts between the upstream and downstream 伴随着社会经济进入后工业时代和零售业的日益集中趋势的发展,以连锁方式经营的少数零售商具有的买方势力越来越强,这些具有买方势力的零售商开始反过来限制零售商,在这些零售商施加的纵向限制中,零售商向制造商和供货商收取诸如进场费、上架费、销售返利等通道费用成为了引发制造商和零售商争端的最主要的限制方式。
This dissertation tend to make a research on the role of retailers buyer power on the downstream competition and the task is accomplished by two steps . firstly , this paper tends to explain the reason why retailer buyer power arise and then try to analyze the role of slotting allowance , the main form of vertical restraints imposed by retailers on manufacturers 但也有学者通过对拥有买方市场力量的零售商对制造商施加的具体的纵向限制的研究,认为买方势力可能具有反市场竞争的效应。而本文试图通过对零售行业买方势力形成的原因的考察以及通道费对市场竞争的影响,揭示买方势力对市场竞争的影响。